Born religious

This op-ed piece by Nicholas Kristof in today’s New York Times is well worth reading. He comments on the political implications of our genetic predisposition to religion.

I don’t doubt in the least that mankind is biologically programmed to behave in many irrational ways, and religion is one of them. Nothing but a deep biologically rooted instinct can explain why all cultures have some kind of religion. And even those who claim to be secular often wind up having weird religion-like beliefs. UFOs and astrology are two such examples.

Much of Kristof’s essay is just idle conjecture on a topic he doesn’t know much about, but this thought is pretty interesting:

Genes that promote spirituality may do so in part by stimulating chemical messengers in the brain like dopamine, which can make people optimistic and sociable - and perhaps more likely to have children. (Dopamine is very complex, but it appears linked to both spirituality and promiscuity, possibly explaining some church scandals.)

This may have something to do with why people with children are more likely to vote Republican. You may want to read Steve Sailer’s excellent article about the baby gap.

I hope that, once people understand that their religious beliefs are rooted in brain chemistry and not rationality, they can overcome their primitive instincts and move up to a higher level of rational secular reasoning.

Comments

[penxv]

If the belief in God rooted in brain chemistry, and nature selected for that trait; do believers then have a genetic advantage over the faithless?

[Fred]

Well Libertarian Girl,
Let's say the universe just happened, that there was on intelligence or purpose behind it creation. And if that's the case than life just another lucky grouping of amino acids that managed to evolve itself all the way up the today's human beings.

If that is all the case, can you explain to me why would it be worng for me to come to DC and hunt you down and kill you?

I await your answer.

[kstrna]

Boy is that one poorly written essay, Kristof early on states:
"Instead, modern science is turning up a possible reason why the religious right is flourishing and secular liberals aren't: instinct. It turns out that our DNA may predispose humans toward religious faith."

Then he goes on to talk about Dr. Hamer's research on VMAT2 and the book Dr. Hamer wrote about it (The God Gene). Kristof points out that it is more spirituality that is affected by this particular protein. What he fails to mention is that in Dr. Hamer's book he talks about those with higher levels of spirituality (and who had a particular variant of the VMAT2 gene) tended not to belong to organized religion. The definition of spirituality was interesting as well, basically transcending (which includes athletes getting in the zone, getting lost in the moment basically, loosing track of time). In other words, Dr. Hamer's research does not explain why the increase strength of the religious right.

Also, the selective advantage of such genes is not to make us spiritual, but rather keep our brains working properly. When we are depressed are minds do not function properly, we have trouble with memory, thinking, concentrating. We are less likely to survive in the wild and if something else doesn't kill us, we are more likely to kill ourselves when depressed. When we are depressed we are less sociable as well. We are a sociable species, so it makes sense our genetic background encodes for it.

Of course the complete opposite can be a problem. We see this in people who are bipolar. Their dopamine/serotonin levels are messed up in such a way that their brains are on overdrive in certain respects. Their thoughts are racing, they feel like they have super powers. Interestingly enough they become super-spiritual.

Basically, these genes are not encoding religion. They are encoding genes that regulate certain chemicals in our cells to insure we operate properly living together, facing the world. They were not selected to be "spiritual" per se. Spirituality/religiosity tap into this dynamic. Genes for being tall, strong, agile are not there for certain people to play basketball at a high level. They existed for other reasons before we had civilizations and societies. Basically, we have evolved to feel good and not feel bad, while not feeling too good. Things that tap into this we may favor, such as a religion, sports, art, study, etc. It might be better not to call them religion genes but rather society genes.

[dadahead]

You'd better answer Fred, because it sounds like if you don't he's going to murder you.

Good thing you don't publicize your real name.

[dadahead]

I hope that, once people understand that their religious beliefs are rooted in brain chemistry and not rationality, they can overcome their primitive instincts and move up to a higher level of rational secular reasoning.

Of course, your capacity of reason is also rooted in brain chemistry. As is everything you believe, think, feel, etc. Religion isn't any different in that sense.

But I assume you don't suggest that people overcome their "primitive" instincts to have sex & reproduce?

[L. Ron Hubbard]

"I hope that, once people understand that their religious beliefs are rooted in brain chemistry and not rationality, they can overcome their primitive instincts and move up to a higher level of rational secular reasoning."

I agree.

[mikeca]

Karl Marx said "religion is the opiate of the masses."

Is LG agreeing with Karl Marx on this one point?

[dadahead]

Fred's argument is sort of bizarre.

He seems to be trying to logically tie together two propositions: (a) there are moral truths and (b) God exists, such that

let M = there are moral truths
and G = God exists

M if and only if G, or: M <--> G

He is then taking you (LG) to be denying G:

~G

which would entail the falsity of M: ~M

which he seems to take as absurd.

So Fred's argument is:

(M <--> G)
(M <--> G) --> (~G --> ~M)
M
---------
~G --> ~M
G

in english:

Premise 1: moral truths exist if and only if God does
Premise 2: if (premise 1), then if God doesn't exist, moral truths don't exist
Premise 3: moral truths exist
THEREFORE:
Conclusion 1: if God doesn't exist, then moral truths don't exist (by modus ponens on 1 & 2)
THEREFORE:
Conclusion 2: God exists (modus tolens premise 3 & C1)

This is a curious argument, because he takes it as given that moral truths exist. He then says that this belief entails a belief in God.

But even if he's right, the argument isn't over. We can deny his premise: that moral truths exist. This might be a costly premise to deny (i.e., counterintuitive) but it would be perfectly reasonable to prefer to deny M over affirming G.

An atheist could thus say, If I have to believe in God to believe in moral truths, then I don't believe in moral truths, for I find the affirmation of God's existence to be more unreasonable than is a denial of moral truth.

Forced to choose between atheism and moral realism, it's not at all obvious that moral realism wins out.

[austroblogger]

Penxv: Given that "survival of the fittest" is a tautology and therefore meaningless, a far better interpretation is "survival of the least unfit"... the question then becomes : Unfit in respect of which demand? So what would be the environmental factor for which religion is the minimum necessary (most effecient) survival strategy?

L.G. "I hope that, once people understand that their religious beliefs are rooted in brain chemistry and not rationality..."

A Philosophical points here: Do you have any evidence that rationality itself exists outside of brain chemistry? Do you see how nasty that question is? (Reference to the early christian churches pre-occupation with the older greek concept of "Logos")

But Philosophy aside and to take the statement head on:
Belief at its deepest level defies rational analysis, which is why the enlightenment moved us away from law giving based on divine right and enabled the separation of the power of the church from state (in my opinion a GOOD thing).
But.
The fact remains that those chemical messenger reactions may dictate a severe emotional and (dare I say it) spiritual need for "belief". A purely secular-rational interpretation of life would STILL leave a gap in many lives.

Finally, a persuasive argument (to which I dont subscribe, but find very hard to counter rigorously) is that without a concept of Godhead, the concepts of ethical behaviour and morality becomes meaningless. If one were cynical enough, one could maintain that the evidence shows that they are certainly harder to maintain.

[austroblogger]

Dadahead: The argument is actually far far more subtle: It is obviously logically possible to refute the necessity fot the existence of moral truthb but hat is not quite (almost , but not quite) the point. For having refuted the existence of moral truth (to obviate M<-->G) what do we do then?
Cos remember Fred? We'd better come up with an answer, dont you think?

[austroblogger]

Axiom: Moral Truth Exists (either objectively or subjectively) (M)
Axiom: Religious Belief is Chemical (B)

M and B independent

How does the essence of truth exist outside of our subjective reality? If moral truth exists a priori, prove it. (As would be required for the existence of God)
If moral truth exists only subjectively. How is this difference from accepting the Axiom God exists (G)?
According to L.Gs premise BOTH would then be superfluous.

The counterargument that we could CHOOSE which to discard leads to the valid choice of accepting both. On the merits as defined within this closed system there is no difference.

[David Foster]

Arguments referencing "brain chemistry" and so on tend to ignore the fact that systems exist on multiple levels. Even if something is reduceable to a very low level, that doesn't mean that it can best be understood on that level.

Example: the behavior of a computer operating system can ultimately be reduced to the action of gates and latches on a chip. But this doesn't mean that there is no value in the operating systems concepts, like "command" and "task" and "thread." Indeed, if the only way you understand an operating system is at the low level, then you really don't understand it at all.

Even more true for issues involving human beings.

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[Fred]

Actually, I don't believe moral truth exist, I am the most militant of athiests. But what annoys me more than than the God fearin' religous folk are the athiests who don't realize the implications of their beliefs.

The reasons I don't hunt down and kill Libertaarian Girl are practical and pragmatic. It would require an awful lot of effort and resources to track her down and I don't really have a beef with her. If Libertarian Girl wound up murdered, I am now a likely suspect and I don't relish the prospect of being executed or spending my life in jail. Also, I am not sure if I could actually commit cold-blooded murder.

"Aha!" exclaims the evolutionay biologist. He thinks that my aversion to murder is part of natural selection. That those who would commit murder are less lilely to get mates and pass on their genes. Or perhaps my parents had the "good nuturing genes" that made them teach me it was wrong to kill at such an early age that it's now hard wired into my brain and I can't commit that act. Either way he points to my inability to kill LG and proclaims it as the source of morality. If so many humans could kill so casually then the species would wipe itself out.

Well, Evolutionary Biologist and Robert Heinlein may thing species survival is a moral, but we might want to ask the passenger pigeon how they feel about are survival as a specises. Or maybe we can ask the Romulans, or Cylons, or maybe the Aliens from Independence Day

Still waiting, LG, for you to tell me why I should not kill you.

[Tim (Random Observations)]

Sorry to change the topic by responding to the post, but...

"I hope that, once people understand that their religious beliefs are rooted in brain chemistry and not rationality, they can overcome their primitive instincts and move up to a higher level of rational secular reasoning."

Ummm... this is "reasoning"?

First, the apparent logic here is atrocious: Since the brain is configured for religious belief, religious propositions must be false.

Really? That's quite an amazing leap! There is a biochemical basis for hunger, thrist, and sex too. Using this logic, we would be forced to conclude these also don't exist. Is this the kind of shoddy "reason" you want people to adopt?

Second, although, like you, I also would suspect the brain may be "programmed" to behave in religious ways, you speak as though it were a proven fact. No, that's just one opinion, and the evidence is far from conclusive. As with the "gay gene" article, you seem to have some trouble distinguishing speculation from strong evidence.

Third, you seem ignorant of what religious people believe. This suggests that you know little about arguments for propositions you reject.

In particular: you seem completely unaware that most Christians already believe that humans are physically configured to "believe". In fact, that's the entire basis of C.S. Lewis's "Mere Christianity", one of the most popular Christian apologetics today. Most people who have read this work would be strongly inclined to accept that there is a biochemical influence in religious belief -- indeed, sans modern terminology, that is the whole point of Lewis's argument.

"Man is a religious animal" and "People have a God-shaped hole" are common expression of this idea.

Instead, it seems you're upset, apparently, that they don't follow your "logic" from that starting point: Since religious belief is built-in, the conclusion it leads us to must be false. Good thing -- since that's a specious argument.

Finally, as I'm hinting: you seem prone to "Spock logic" -- simply pronouncing a collection of conclusions -- undoubtedly ones you hold dear -- to be "logical", whether or not they make any logical sense or are logically consistent. This suggests you probably have little training in, or appreciation for actual formal logic. There's more to being in the club than buying a jacket.

See "dadahead"'s post for a better example.

[Tim (Random Observations)]

Sorry to be drawn into the side-sniping, but I just can't resist...

Dadahead:

That's the longest way I've ever seen of saying "Fred says you can have morals if and only if God exists." I love predicate calculus myself, and agree, but I'm not sure what all that adds to the picture, except to demonstrate someone around here at least knows what the world "logic" means.

The question of whether you can have "morals" without God is a huge and old one -- and won't be solved here. Theists believe in some kind of extra-universal source of morality; atheists can claim any system they like as "morals", but it still boils down -- no matter how much Ayn Rand jumps up and down insisting otherwise -- to simply a reflection of their own feelings.

Until this difference is made explicit, they will always talk at cross-purposes.

Thankfully, most atheists (and theists) understand this. But some confuse their feelings with "logic" though because they haven't asked the question "Why?", repeatedly, to their own beliefs, to the point where they realize that, like everyone else, their own tower of beliefs float on a cloud of unprovable assumptions.

The state prior to this is ignorance, but a form of ignorance which insists on calling itself "knowledge".

And Fred, the reason an atheist would say you shouldn't go kill LG is because it wouldn't be profitable to you, by standards (such as a dislike for sitting in jail for a long time) we commonly share. Your argument doesn't require an absolute morality to refute, just a cost-benefit analysis. To make the case you think you need to make, you'd have to remove the element of consequences, or turn them in favor of the murder.

Also, you should probably not threaten people directly, as it lends to the impression you might be a dangerous sociopath.

And you're off topic. As am I now, too.

[Apesnake]

While an evolutionist, I never liked the notion that every little behavior can be explained via evolutionary pressures. It has a faint stink of social darwinism. That being said I now must confess to have recently heard two interesting hypotheses that postulate biological factors influencing social behaviour.

The first (I believe comes from American Scientist magazine - I'm not sure of the date and I am sure it was not Scientific American) is the concept that humans developed religion because it requires more energy and cost in resources to fake the beliefs of the culture than one gets from the the culture (the article offered some animal analogies but I don't remember them in detail).

If someone comes up to a Zulu warrior and says "Hey I am a Zulu warrior too! Lend me some food" That person would have to spend a lot of effort to maintain the deception, effort that a believer would be proud to go through because it makes sense to them.

The other, less abstract theory involves homosexuality. And was widely reported recently. Population geneticists have always wondered why there seem to be genes that correlate with male homosexuality. Surely any gene that increased the odds of homosexuality would not reproduce as often and gradually move out of the population.

They recently looked at the female relatives of male homosexuals for a study (I don't mean "looked at them" that way you perves!). They found that as a group, (the group would be much more likely than the population to have the same genes that are influencing their male relatives) they had a significantly higher number of children than women of the general population. It seems that the increase in "guy-liking" in these women gained enough reproductive success in them to offset the decrease in reproductive success in the monks... I mean males. This would be why the genes don't go extinct.

But I find that a good rule of thumb is that the more complex a trait is (intelligence, spirituality) the less influence the genes will have verses the environment. A Zulu warrior can still decide to become a secular humanist regardless of having twice the "God genes" of everyone else. Maybe he was corrupted by that evil Richard Dawkins.

[dadahead]

WHOA, so much to think about.

Arguments referencing "brain chemistry" and so on tend to ignore the fact that systems exist on multiple levels. Even if something is reduceable to a very low level, that doesn't mean that it can best be understood on that level.

Not to mention that it is not even clear that all high-level phenomena are, in fact, reducible to lower-level phenomena. Such reduction is actually the exception in science, and the belief that all phenomena or laws governing phenomena can be reduced is essentially an article of faith.

First, the apparent logic here is atrocious: Since the brain is configured for religious belief, religious propositions must be false.

Yes, if this is the argument LG (or anyone else) is making, it is in fact atrocious, because the above is clearly a non sequiter.

Someone might respond that while a neurophysiological basis for religious belief doesn't strictly entail that religious belief is false, it does explain how it might come to be without invoking the existence of God.

However, I do think CS Lewis does a good job taking on this idea. If God did put us here for whatever purpose, it seems rational to suppose he would have given us a means by which to form beliefs about him and even communicate with him (e.g. mystical perception).

[Tom Perkins]

Penxy wrote:

"If the belief in God rooted in brain chemistry, and nature selected for that trait; do believers then have a genetic advantage over the faithless?"

You are very thinky, and its scaring me.*

Yours, TDP, ml, msl, & pfpp

*For more humor in this vein, hit schlockmercenary.com.

[dadahead]

The question of whether you can have "morals" without God is a huge and old one -- and won't be solved here.

Hey, don't be such a pessimist!

You're saying you don't think the comments section of a blog is a likely place for the resolution of millenia-old philosophical problems?

atheists can claim any system they like as "morals", but it still boils down -- no matter how much Ayn Rand jumps up and down insisting otherwise -- to simply a reflection of their own feelings.

Well, but it's not just Ayn Rand. Kant was a theist, but his moral theory seems to be pretty independent of that; so a Kantian could be an atheist yet believe that rationality itself dictates an absolute moral law. They could deny, like Kant, that feelings have anything to do with morality, and insist that the concept of morality has to do with acting from a motive of duty, a motive that is established via human reason as opposed to sentiment (inclination).

Basically that the moral law is objectively true in the way that the law of non-contradiction is.

And all without God.

Of course, whether Kant's theory is correct is a very open question. But it at least gives an idea about how a non-theist might go about establishing an objective morality.

[nathan]

"Nothing but a deep biologically rooted instinct can explain why all cultures have some kind of religion."

Can someone point to where this statement has been tested and verified? Sounds like hype to me.

[Scott Scheule]

"Thankfully, most atheists (and theists) understand this. But some confuse their feelings with "logic" though because they haven't asked the question "Why?", repeatedly, to their own beliefs, to the point where they realize that, like everyone else, their own tower of beliefs float on a cloud of unprovable assumptions."

While this is true, I think it's useful to point out that the criticism--we confuse our moral feelings with logic--can be leveled just as easily against our sensory feelings. The belief that there is an outside world that we can observe through our senses is by the same token, a leap of faith. In this fashion, we confound our sensory feelings with logic in the same fashion. Still, people seem more inclined to adopt moral relativism than sensory relativism.

I myself make that leap on both counts.

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[cialis]

This is a concept that was in vogue earlier for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Even today with the complete take over of the drugs like Cialis, Levitra, and Viagra these herbal ED cure methods are in use, especially in the rural areas. But their effectiveness in treating ED remains doubtful.

[james]

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